Solution
PrepMate
The integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands, plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. Here is a step-by-step explanation of how the integumentary system contributes to this process:
The integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands, plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions. Here is a step-by-step explanation of how the integumentary system contributes to this process:
1. Protection: The skin acts as a physical barrier, protecting the internal organs and systems from pathogens, mechanical damage, and harmful substances. This barrier function is essential for preventing infection and maintaining the integrity of internal tissues, which is a fundamental aspect of homeostasis.
2. Temperature Regulation: The skin helps regulate body temperature through the dilation and constriction of blood vessels and the activation of sweat glands.
- When the body is too hot, blood vessels in the skin dilate (vasodilation), allowing more blood to flow near the surface, where heat can be dissipated into the environment. Sweat glands also produce sweat, which evaporates from the skin's surface, cooling the body.
- Conversely, when the body is too cold, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) to reduce blood flow to the skin, conserving heat. Additionally, the arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles can contract, causing hairs to stand up and trap a layer of air for insulation (goosebumps).
3. Sensation: The skin contains sensory receptors that detect temperature, touch, pressure, and pain. These receptors send signals to the brain, which can initiate appropriate responses to maintain homeostasis. For example, if the skin senses extreme cold, the body may respond by shivering to generate heat.
4. Metabolic Functions: The skin is involved in the synthesis of vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption in the gut, which is necessary for maintaining bone health and overall homeostasis.
5. Excretion: The skin's sweat glands can excrete waste products, such as urea and salts, through perspiration. This helps in the regulation of electrolyte balance and the removal of metabolic waste, contributing to homeostasis.
6. Water Resistance: The skin prevents excessive water loss through its waterproof barrier, which is essential for maintaining fluid balance within the body. This barrier is primarily due to the presence of lipids in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis.
7. Immune Defense: Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the immune system and can detect pathogens. They help to activate the body's immune response, which is crucial for maintaining homeostasis by fighting off infections.
In summary, the integumentary system maintains homeostasis by providing protection, regulating temperature, allowing sensation, synthesizing vitamin D, excreting wastes, preventing water loss, and participating in immune defense. Each of these functions is vital for preserving the stability of the body's internal environment in response to external fluctuations.
1. Protection: The skin acts as a physical barrier, protecting the internal organs and systems from pathogens, mechanical damage, and harmful substances. This barrier function is essential for preventing infection and maintaining the integrity of internal tissues, which is a fundamental aspect of homeostasis.
2. Temperature Regulation: The skin helps regulate body temperature through the dilation and constriction of blood vessels and the activation of sweat glands.
- When the body is too hot, blood vessels in the skin dilate (vasodilation), allowing more blood to flow near the surface, where heat can be dissipated into the environment. Sweat glands also produce sweat, which evaporates from the skin's surface, cooling the body.
- Conversely, when the body is too cold, blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) to reduce blood flow to the skin, conserving heat. Additionally, the arrector pili muscles attached to hair follicles can contract, causing hairs to stand up and trap a layer of air for insulation (goosebumps).
3. Sensation: The skin contains sensory receptors that detect temperature, touch, pressure, and pain. These receptors send signals to the brain, which can initiate appropriate responses to maintain homeostasis. For example, if the skin senses extreme cold, the body may respond by shivering to generate heat.
4. Metabolic Functions: The skin is involved in the synthesis of vitamin D when exposed to sunlight. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption in the gut, which is necessary for maintaining bone health and overall homeostasis.
5. Excretion: The skin's sweat glands can excrete waste products, such as urea and salts, through perspiration. This helps in the regulation of electrolyte balance and the removal of metabolic waste, contributing to homeostasis.
6. Water Resistance: The skin prevents excessive water loss through its waterproof barrier, which is essential for maintaining fluid balance within the body. This barrier is primarily due to the presence of lipids in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis.
7. Immune Defense: Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the immune system and can detect pathogens. They help to activate the body's immune response, which is crucial for maintaining homeostasis by fighting off infections.
In summary, the integumentary system maintains homeostasis by providing protection, regulating temperature, allowing sensation, synthesizing vitamin D, excreting wastes, preventing water loss, and participating in immune defense. Each of these functions is vital for preserving the stability of the body's internal environment in response to external fluctuations.
Homeostasis
Exercise 3 - Predicting if work is done by the system or on the system
Exercise 7 - Defining highly ordered steady state
Unlock this answer now, try 7 day free trial.
Homeostasis
Solved: Unlock Proprep's Full Access
Gain Full Access to Proprep for In-Depth Answers and Video Explanations
Signup to watch the full video 11:05 minutes
Welcome back. We've been discussing various tissues,
and now we're going to start thinking about how the various tissues work together.
We're going to discuss homeostasis.
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis aims to keep internal conditions at a steady state,
regardless of the external environment,
so that if the temperature goes down,
the body may try to warm itself up so that it maintains a constant temperature.
The same thing can be true of the pH in
the blood system and the glucose levels in the blood and all sorts of other things.
So let's look at this more in depth.
If conditions stray too far from a particular set point,
then there are various mechanisms that kick in that we call homeostatic mechanisms.
You see this guy is sitting above the clouds.
He climbed up here. There's not a lot to breathe up here,
not a lot of oxygen.
But he has to maintain his body working well,
even though the amount of oxygen outside is not very high.
The set point, though,
can potentially change over time, but still,
if there can be homeostasis that will work towards setting a new set point,
as we'll see some organisms when they hibernate,
might change their set point.
Another thing that can happen is there can be acclimatization.
For instance, this climber,
he may have to change 1 organ system
in order to maintain a set point in another organ system.
That's in climbing to an altitude,
and we'll look at that in more detail in a minute.
What are various mechanisms of homeostasis?
First of all, we know that the goal of homeostasis is
the maintenance of equilibrium around a particular set point.
What would happen is that there can be
a particular stimulus that changes a particular variable,
let's say, the temperature.
That then will be sensed by a receptor,
often that's in the brain,
and then there will be
neuronal signals that will go from the receptor to some control center.
It's usually the brain that does this.
Then the brain or the control sensor will send some message to an effector.
The effector then is going to elicit some response,
and that could be a muscle or
a gland which responds and returns the variable to the set point.
So something will change.
If its temperature,
then you have to increase the temperature,
then a muscle might work harder in order to increase the temperature.
So here are some different examples there.
One kind of mechanism is a negative feedback mechanism,
and let's look at what we have here.
Those would be homeostatic processes that change the direction of a stimulus.
So you have a stimulus, let's say,
the body temperature increases,
so that's going to be the stimulus,
and the homeostatic process is going to lower the temperature.
The body temperature increases,
and the stimulus will decrease it.
In this example, if the normal body temperature of humans is between 36 and 38 degrees C,
then the hypothalamus in the brain will activate
a cooling mechanism if the body temperature increases in various ways,
so blood vessels in the skin might dilate.
You know that when you get hot you turn red, that's why,
because the blood vessels dilate so that you can lose some heat from your blood,
and in addition to that, you may sweat.
Sweat glands may operate
releasing water to the surface so it evaporates and then temperature decreases.
On the other hand, if your body temperature decreases,
you're in a cold area, again,
the brain may sense it,
and the opposite happens.
The blood vessels will constrict,
and you may shiver,
leaving out heat,
body temperature increases going back to normal.
You can have an increase or decrease in the stimulus back to a normal value,
and those can be temperature, we said glucose,
pH, blood calcium, there are all sorts of things of these sorts.
Now in addition to negative feedback mechanisms,
there are also positive feedback loops
that don't necessarily maintain a particular set point,
but they do respond to a stimulus that's on the outside,
and it may potentially strengthen the response to a stimulus.
In this example, we have a baby who is hungry and is sucking at the breast of its mother.
What does that do?
What it does to the mother is that there is a nerve impulse
which is sent from her breast to the hypothalamus in her brain,
which in turn, through nerves,
go to the posterior pituitary,
all this is in the brain.
Then a chemical called oxytocin is released into the blood,
which goes back to the breast,
and that stimulates the milk glands to produce
milk and for the muscle cells to contract so that the baby then can drink.
This is a positive feedback loop.
It's not a homeostatic static process,
and we have this oxytocin that we just described.
Another example is blood clotting.
When blood begins to leak through a blood vessel, let's say, you're a cut,
then there's a whole process that occurs to
stop the blood from coming out of the blood vessel,
that is, to clot.
That's a positive feedback loop which is
responding to a particular stimulus on the outside.
Let's look more now at homeostasis.
In homeostasis, there's a set point, as we mentioned.
There is a certain range and that can change sometimes
with age or sometimes there can be a cyclic variation,
like you can see here around the set point in body temperatures.
That can also happen with blood pressure as well.
There's a feedback loop,
as we saw before, that works to maintain the new setting.
As an example, in addition to temperature,
we have blood pressure.
Now let's look at acclimatization,
as we described previously.
There are changes in the body organs that maintain a particular set point.
An example would be a set point of the number
of red blood cells that are in our body that carry oxygen.
In this case, if you go to a higher altitude,
there is less oxygen in your blood and that is sensed by sensors in the kidney and liver.
There is a protein called erythropoietin,
it's a hormone really,
that's released into the bloodstream,
and it is sensed by sensors in the bone marrow.
The bone marrow then interprets this as the need to create more red blood cells.
So you have more red blood cells produced,
the more red blood cells that can carry more oxygen,
and we have normal blood oxygen levels that are returned at the higher level.
Of course, this takes a couple of days and that's the reason that
you have to acclimate when you're climbing to high altitudes.
This thing can also happen seasonally in
various animals and that can cause the change of the coat of an animal.
We all know that dogs may shed in the spring,
and they develop warmer coats in the fall when it gets cold.
Now, there is something else called thermoregulation in
various organisms that must maintain
the constant internal temperature to keep enzymes efficient and avoid denaturation.
Why? Because proteins, including enzymes,
begin to denature with high heat around 50 degrees in mammals.
They denature, they change their shape,
and no longer have the same shape,
and so they don't behave as well.
The enzyme activity in those proteins will decrease,
this is a general thing,
by about half for every 10 degrees drop in temperature.
Therefore, it's important to keep the temperature within a certain range.
Some fish can withstand freezing solid, even,
and return to normal with thawing,
but this is an unusual situation.
So we divide thermal homeostasis into endotherms and ectotherms,
"ecto" outside and "endo" inside.
What does that mean? The ectotherms do not control their body temperature.
It's the outside surrounding that controls their body temperature,
and the endotherms rely on their internal sources for body temperature,
but they can exhibit extremes in temperature, nonetheless.
Then there are these poikilotherms.
They have constantly varying internal temperatures.
They're birds and mammals that allow their body temperature
to vary during certain time periods, like hibernation.
Some of the insects do that and as do other invertebrates.
The homeotherms maintain a relatively constant temperature like mammals.
We know we have a very closely controlled body temperature.
Now how do we get rid of heat?
There are different ways we can radiate it.
It can just leave by radiation.
You can see it just comes off.
It can evaporate water,
like dogs will pant and that
reduces the temperature of their bodies because there's evaporation from their tongues.
There's convection.
We can have wind blowing by us and that removes some of the temperature,
or we can have conduction.
I would have made this away from this iguana.
The temperature then can either dissipate from it,
or it can heat the iguana if it needs to be heated from the land.
This video discusses homeostasis, a process that aims to keep internal conditions at a steady state regardless of the external environment. Homeostatic mechanisms kick in when conditions stray too far from a particular set point, and there are two types of mechanisms: negative feedback loops and positive feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to maintain a particular set point, while positive feedback loops respond to a stimulus and strengthen the response. Examples of homeostasis include temperature, glucose, pH, and blood calcium. Acclimatization is another process that can occur, where changes in the body organs maintain a particular set point. Thermoregulation is also discussed, which is the process of maintaining a constant internal temperature to keep enzymes efficient and avoid denaturation. This is divided into endotherms, ectotherms, and poikilotherms. Lastly, the video explains how heat can be dissipated from the body through radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction.
Ask a tutor
If you have any additional questions, you can ask one of our experts.
Recently Asked Questions